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 Grave concerns: the disposal of London's dead
Friday 1 September - Sunday 29 October 2000
 The Museum of London held an exhibition on the disposal of London's dead earlier this year. Here we present a taster of what the exhibition was like for those of you around the world who where unable to get there.
The text below is taken either directly from the exhibition or from exhibition publicity.

 "Cemeteries today play many roles in the lives of the living. In a relentlessly urban environment, they are used as visitor attractions peaceful and green open spaces, outdoor art galleries, sites of pilgrimage, places to play, to sleep, to have sex, to think, to walk the dog, to hang out with friends, or maybe to have a beer. But this can sometimes be vulnerable to development plans and the demands for new housing, roads and services for the living. With the intense competition for space in London today, little space is available for the living, let alone the dead."

London is running out of burial space. Inner London boroughs have on average seven years' burial space left. Two of them, Hackney and Tower Hamlets, have no space left at all. With intense competition for space, do we still have room for the dead, and if so, where?

Photographs of crematorium interiors and oral recordings of people involved in the disposal of the dead offered insight into professions rarely discussed in public.

Objects on display explored the many facets of our attitudes to death. They ranged from an Early Bronze Age cremation urn and recently excavated Roman grave goods to an environmentally friendly contemporary cardboard coffin.

An exhibition of wicker coffins in 1875
Francis Seymour Haden's 'Earth to 'Earth' system was based on allowing the body to decay naturally. He believed that burial in wooden coffins resulted in 'festering tenants inperpetuity of the soil' and that cremation would needlessly pollute the air. He promoted the use of easily degradable coffins, notably wicker coffins, arguing that they would enable burial in the same land every five or six years.

 

This display explored issues we would rather not face and asked the question - what will happen to our bodies when we die?

How should Londoners dispose of their dead? People came and aired their views at a debate on 6 September, when the motion was: 'Must London face up to reusing graves?'

Memento Mori - Contemporary photography by Agustin Amate Bonachera
31 August 2000 to 8 October 2000
In a series of photographs of Victorian and Edwardian sculpture in the cemeteries of London, Agustin Amate Bonachera explores the transient nature of human existence, capturing a society's belief in the divine and immortal.



 
Coffin plate and mourning jewelery




Enon Chapel Cemetery and Dancing Saloon, in The Poor Man's Guardian,1847

Between 1822 and 1842 the Minister of Enon Street Baptist Chapel in Clements Lane Facilitated the disposal of an estimated 10?12,000 people in its cellar removing bodies when more space was needed this edition of The Poor Man's Guardian featured responses to an earlier report which described how while dances were held in the chapel above in the cellar below on all sides lay human remains broken coffins and other emblems of decayed mortality

 
Sir Henry Thompson demonstrating :
a cremation oven in 1874

Published in illustreret tidende, 1874

In 1874 Sir Henry Thompson, surgeon to Queen Victoria, founded the Cremation Society and began to promote cremation. He argued that it was a more sanitary method of disposal and less space consuming than burial, as well as being more economical. After initial Home Office hesitancy, the first official modern cremation of a person took place in 1885 and a Cremation Act was passed

 
Headstone 12th?13th century

This headstone, of Purbeck marble, was found during excavations on the site of ] Poultry. The headstone came from the graveyard of St Benet Sherehog, a small parish in the City of London. On one side a cross is carved, on the other side an inscription reads:
'H[ic] iacet in tumbo coniu[n]x alicia petri'
'Here lies in this tomb, Alice the wife of Peter'


A Bill of Mortality, published weekly summary of deaths during the Great Plague
Disposal of plague victims

One in three Londoners died during the Great Plague of London in 1665.
Myths and misconceptions have developed concerning the location and methods of disposal of victims.
Evidence suggests that, contrary to popular belief the process of burying the dead during the plague was well managed, with bodies being carefully laid out and buried in shrouds or coffins.
Where possible existing graveyards coped with the rising numbers of dead. As yet, no specific plague pits have been excavated for the 1665 plague.
In loving memory of West Norwood Cemetery, by Geoffrey Manning, 1989
Published by the Norwood Society, this booklet was a guide to the most significant memorials in West Norwood Cemetery. Since Lambeth Council purchased the cemetery in 1965, a 'lawn clearance' programme has resulted in the removal of over 10,000 memorials. The council is now working to repair and restore some of them. It also resold over 900 graves following 1970s legislation permitting municipal cemeteries to sell unused burial space within existing graves over 75 years old.
In 1994 a Southwark church court had judged the resale of graves at west Norwood, as it was originally a private not a municipal cemetery, to be illegal
 
Legislation in the 1850s established the concept of owning graves 'in perpetuity' and prohibited the disinterment of remains without lawful authority. Today Home Office licenses are granted to developers and archaeologists for disinterments, although no license has yet been to allow the reuse of graves for new burials. However since the 1970s municipal cemeteries have only been permitted to lease graves for up to 100 years. Do we think about what will happen when the lease runs out? How long should we have rights over a piece of land? offers an alternative: instead of containment in place, remains in the form of ashes can be scattered. Is there something comforting about impermanency?
We need to decide how permanent we want our graves to be.